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Research Article Open Access Published 31 Jan 2026

Botryosphaeriaceae in China: Diversity, Distribution, and Host Associations

Asha J. Dissanayake1, Jian-Kui Liu1*
Received: 27 October 2025 Accepted: 06 January 2026 Published online: 31 January 2026 Article ID: 2001 DOI: 10.65390/phytomyc.2026.2001

Abstract

Botryosphaeriaceae (Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes) encompasses a diverse group of fungi with roles as endophytes, saprobes, and pathogens. Members of Botryosphaeriaceae are responsible for various plant diseases, including cankers, dieback, fruit and root rots, and leaf spots, and have garnered significant attention in the realm of fungal biology. This study provides an up-to-date assessment of the prevailing status of Botryosphaeriaceae in China by synthesizing information from published records and accessible sequence data. Recently, a considerable number of studies on Botryosphaeriaceae in China based on molecular sequence data have been conducted, uncovering a broad host range and localities (except the Xizang Autonomous Region due to insufficient studies), some of which have not been described before. To date, 22 genera encompassing 236 species in Botryosphaeriaceae have been reported worldwide (www.botryosphaeriales.org), while 15 genera and 101 species (52 new species) have been reported in China. Among the identified species, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia seriata, Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae, L. theobromae, Macrophomina phaseolina, and Neofusicoccum parvum exhibit wide host ranges and are distributed across numerous provinces in China. Conversely, certain species exhibit a more restricted distribution and are identified only in specific localities on particular hosts. Instances of such singularities include Botryobambusa and Cophinforma, each reported only once in China. Notably, approximately 22% of all reported Botryosphaeriaceae species have been described in China. Although regular data collection is still mandatory, the evidence presented here provides a baseline for Botryosphaeriaceae species isolated in China and will strengthen future findings on this group of important pathogens.
Keywords: Botryosphaeriales, Distribution, Hosts, New records, Novel species, Pathogens

Introduction

Botryosphaeriaceae is a fungal family with a variety of life modes ranging from endophytes to pathogens and saprobes (Slippers & Wingfield 2007; Liu et al. 2012; Dissanayake et al. 2016). Some species of Botryosphaeria, Diplodia, Dothiorella, Lasiodiplodia, and Neofusicoccum comprise endophytes (Crous et al. 2006, 2016; Slippers & Wingfield 2007; Zhang et al. 2021b), while most of the Botryosphaeriaceae species are important phytopathogens associated with various diseases causing severe ecological and economic damages (Phillips et al. 2019). They are well recognized as the principal pathogens inhabiting woody tissues and causing infections in forestry, cultivation, and urban trees (Slippers & Wingfield 2007). Members of this family occur on a broad host range of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous hosts; on woody branches, leaves, stems and culms of grasses; and on twigs and in the thalli of lichens with a worldwide distribution (Barr 1987; von Arx 1987; Denman et al. 2000; Mohali et al. 2007; Lazzizera et al. 2008; Marincowitz et al. 2008).

As the mycology field has been modernized by the application of DNA sequencing techniques, Botryosphaeriaceae members have also undergone a revolutionary era, and most taxonomy-related complications have been resolved. Liu et al. (2012) accepted 29 genera in Botryosphaeriaceae based on morphology and molecular data. Phillips et al. (2013) provided detailed descriptions and keys for 17 genera in Botryosphaeriaceae. Burgess et al. (2019) and Garcia et al. (2021) included 24 genera in Botryosphaeriaceae based on morpho-molecular data. However, Dissanayake et al. (2021) mentioned that this family consists of 22 genera, as it is on www.botryosphaeriales.org. Botryosphaeriaceae is the largest family in Botryosphaeriales (Wijayawardene et al. 2020; Zhang et al. 2021b), and nearly 230 species have been described based on DNA sequence data (Batista et al. 2021).

Recent studies on Botryosphaeriaceae in China have identified a broad range of species, some of which have not been previously described. In China, infections related to Botryosphaeriaceae have been described on numerous hosts such as economically important crops (Yu et al. 2012b; Yan et al. 2013; Dissanayake et al. 2015a, b; Xu et al. 2016; Dou et al. 2017; Chen et al. 2020; Liang et al. 2020), forest trees (Zhu et al. 2018; Pan et al. 2019), and various other woody hosts. In this study, we gathered relevant data for every Botryosphaeriaceae record in China, verified by DNA sequence analyses. Hence, we were able to compose an archive that comprises the details of hosts and localities and focused on the following matters: (1) What are the commonly found Botryosphaeriaceae species with a wide host range? (2) How are the common Botryosphaeriaceae pathogens distributed throughout China, and to which climatic zones do they belong? (3) Which specific hosts have been extensively studied to observe the presence of Botryosphaeriaceae species?

Data Analysis

To access the appropriate data on Botryosphaeriaceae species reported in China, ‘Web of Science’ (Web of Science), which is a database of bibliographic citations of multidisciplinary areas that covers various journals in scientific fields; ‘Google Scholar’ (Google Scholar); ‘Research Gate’ (ResearchGate); and ‘CNKI’ (China National Knowledge Infrastructure—a key national information project of China with the aim of realizing knowledge sharing in the whole country) platforms were investigated. Manuscripts published in the above-mentioned databases without sequence data were ignored when compiling the archive of ‘Botryosphaeriaceae in China’. Sequence data were attained on behalf of one demonstrative isolate of the respective Botryosphaeriaceae species existing in China, and an alignment of the concatenated internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1-α) gene was generated including two Aplosporella species known from China as outgroup taxa. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted as described by Dissanayake et al. (2020).

Botryosphaeriaceae species in China

The archive contained 527 taxonomy- and phylogeny-based manuscripts related to Botryosphaeriaceae species in China. To date, molecular taxonomic descriptions have recognized 22 genera in Botryosphaeriaceae (Botryosphaeriales.org), of which 15 are reported in China (Table 1). The following seven genera have not yet been known in China: Alanphillipsia, Eutiarosporella, Marasasiomyces, Mucoharknessia, Oblongocollomyces, Sakireeta and Tiarosporella. Of the 236 species identified worldwide, 101 are found in China, with 52 of them originating and being introduced as novel species in China. The highest number of species found in China are from the larger common genera, namely Botryosphaeria, Diplodia, Lasiodiplodia, Macrophomina and Neofusicoccum. It was also noted that 16 Lasiodiplodia (out of all 52 type species) and 11 Neofusicoccum (out of all 41 type species) species were introduced as novel species from China. It was notable that most of the novel species of Botryosphaeriaceae in China have been isolated from Eucalyptus sp. (Table 1).

Table 1 Botryosphaeriaceae genera known from DNA sequence data. The total number of species, number of species reported in China, novel species introduced from China, hosts of novel species, and locations of novel species introduced from China are stated.
GenusAll speciesSpecies in ChinaNumber of new species from ChinaNovel species introduced from ChinaHosts of novel speciesLocation of novel species
Alanphillipsia5----------
Barriopsis62--------
Botryobambusa211Bo. guizhouensisUnknownGuizhou
Botryosphaeria1083B. puerensisEucalyptus sp.Yunnan
    B. qinlingensisQuercus alienaShaanxi
    B. qingyuanensisEucalyptus sp.Guangdong
Cophinforma21--------
Diplodia2582Di. quercicolaForest treesBeijing
    Di. salicicola  
Dothiorella3294Do. alpinaCitrus unshiuHunan
    Do. citrimurcotticolaCitrus reticulata × Citrus sinensisChongqing
    Do. hortiarborum  
    Do. yunnanaCamellia sp.Yunnan
Endomelanconiopsis32--------
Eutiarosporella7----------
Lasiodiplodia523116L. chinensisUnknownHainan
    L. cinnamomiCinnamomum camphoraJiangsu
    L. clavisporaVaccinium uliginosumFujian
    L. endophyticaMagnolia candolleiYunnan
    L. ficiFicus altissimaGuangdong
    L. fujianensisVaccinium uliginosumFujian
    L. guilinensisCitrus sinensisGuangxi
    L. henanicaVaccinium uliginosumHenan
    L. huangyanensisCitrus reticulataZhejiang
    L. hyalinaAcacia confusaHainan
    L. linhaiensisCitrus unshiuZhejiang
    L. magnoliaeMagnolia candolleiYunnan
    L. nanpingensisVaccinium uliginosumFujian
    L. paraphysoidesVaccinium uliginosumShandong
    L. ponkanicolaCitrus reticulataZhejiang
    L. vacciniiVaccinium sp.Beijing
Macrophomina421M. vacciniiVaccinium sp.Fujian
Marasasiomyces1----------
Mucoharknessia2----------
Neodeightonia931Ne. arengaeArenga tremulaGuangdong
Neofusicoccum411711N. dianenseEucalyptus urophyllaYunnan
    N. hongkongensisAraucaria cunninghamiiHong Kong
    N. iliciiIllicium verumGuangxi
    N. magniconidiumEucalyptus sp.Yunnan
    N. microconidiumEucalyptus sp.Guangdong
    N. ningerenseEucalyptus sp.Yunnan
    N. parviconidiumEucalyptus sp.Yunnan
    N. sinenseUnknownGuizhou
    N. sinoeucalyptiEucalyptus sp.Guangdong
    N. vacciniiVaccinium sp.Shandong
    N. yunnanenseEucalyptus sp.Yunnan
Neoscytalidium22--------
Oblongocollomyces1----------
Phaeobotryon1499P. aplosporumForest treesBeijing
    P. caraganaeCaragana arborescensHeilongjiang
    P. fraxini  
    P. laricinum  
    P. longiparaphysium  
    P. rhoinumRhus typhinaBeijing
    P. rhoisRhus typhinaNingxia
    P. spiraeaeSpiraea salicifoliaBeijing
    P. xizangense  
Sakireeta1----------
Sardiniella432S. ellipticaUnknownGuizhou
    S. guizhouensisUnknownGuizhou
Sphaeropsis742Sp. guizhouensisUnknownGuizhou
    Sp. linhaiensisCitrus sp.Zhejiang
Tiarosporella2----------

Owing to tremendous differences in latitude, longitude, and altitude, the climate of China is extremely diverse. It ranges from tropical in the far south to subarctic in the far north and alpine at higher elevations of the Xizang Autonomous Region. Five major climatic zones have been identified in China: tropical monsoon, subtropical monsoon, temperate monsoon, temperate continental and Xizang Autonomous Region climates. Numerous studies have been conducted on the effects of climate change on ecosystem structures and functions (Grimm et al. 2013). As the biodiversity structure comprehensively reflects various changes in ecological gradients (Gaston 2000), studying biodiversity and ecological processes along with climate zones can improve the predictions of climate change across ecosystems (Grimm et al. 2013). Herein, we examined the distribution of Botryosphaeriaceae species across China (Fig. 1), while six major Botryosphaeriaceae species reported from China have been presented with their respective climatic zones (Fig. 2). Most Botryosphaeriaceae pathogens in China are predominantly distributed in warmer, tropical, and subtropical monsoon climate regions, although some species can also be found in temperate zones (Fig. 1). Key points regarding their distribution and climate preference in China are: 1) Botryosphaeria dothidea, a very prevalent species, has a wider distribution, occurring in both temperate and subtropical monsoon climate regions and found in almost all regions of China. 2) Lasiodiplodia theobromae and L. pseudotheobromae are specifically reported to occur in tropical, subtropical and temperate monsoon climate regions in China. 3) Aggressive species of Neofusicoccum, such as N. parvum, are mainly distributed in the southwest and south of China, which are warmer areas. However, they are reported in tropical, subtropical and temperate monsoon climate regions. 4) Macrophomina paseolina is also reported in tropical, subtropical and temperate climatic regions. 5) Diplodia seriata, in contrast, is primarily found in temperate monsoon climate regions. However, they are also present in subtropical climate zones. Generally, these fungi are globally distributed in tropical and temperate regions, but their disease outbreaks are often associated with humid and warm environments, with increasing temperatures and drought stress (potentially linked to climate change) exacerbating the diseases they cause. This highlights that while the family is diverse, the most aggressive and prevalent species in China are strongly associated with warmer climates. Botryosphaeriaceae species have been reported from various climatic zones, except the Xizang Autonomous Region climate, due to insufficient sampling in this region.

Figure 1
Fig. 1. Phylogram of concatenated ITS and tef1-α sequence data for Botryosphaeriaceae species known from China. Two Aplosporella species were included as outgroup taxa. The climatic zones where each species has been reported are given on the right.

Distribution of Botryosphaeriaceae genera/species in China

Botryosphaeriaceae species have been reported from almost all provinces in China (except the Xizang Autonomous Region) (Fig. 1). Approximately 68% Botryosphaeriaceae genera have been reported in China. This is a relatively high incidence compared to the Botryosphaeriaceae genera found in Australia (Burgess et al. 2019), as there were reports about only nine genera: Botryosphaeria, Diplodia, Dothiorella, Eutiarosporella, Lasiodiplodia, Macrophomina, Neofusicoccum, Neoscytalidium and Tiarosporella. Our study revealed that about 41% of Botryosphaeriaceae species have been reported from China, whereas about 28% have been reported in Australia (Burgess et al. 2019).

Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia seriata, Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae, L. theobromae, Macrophomina phaseolina and Neofusicoccum parvum are the commonly reported species in China (Appendix S1), representing 20%, 3%, 27%, 17%, 4% and 14% respectively. Several species, such as B. dothidea, M. phaseolina and N. parvum have distributed throughout various climatic zones, while other species (D. seriata, L. pseudotheobromae and L. theobromae) found across tropical and temperate regions (Figs. 1, 2).

Figure 2
Fig. 2. The distribution patterns of major Botryosphaeriaceae species found in China: Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia seriata, Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae, L. theobromae, Macrophomina phaseolina and Neofusicoccum parvum. The 0–30 scale represents the number of species isolated in each province.

Host association of Botryosphaeriaceae species in China

Commonly reported Botryosphaeriaceae species in China are Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia seriata, Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae, L. theobromae, Macrophomina phaseolina and Neofusicoccum parvum (Fig. 2). These species have been isolated from various woody hosts and have been reported at highest frequencies in several hosts (Table 2).

Nevertheless, there are numerous species, which seem to appear with a narrow host range (Appendix S1).

First disease reports of pathogenic Botryosphaeriaceae species in China

To date, there have been approximately 111 first disease reports of Botrosphaeriaceae species on various hosts in China, which have been published in the plant pathology-related journals such as ‘Plant Disease’ and ‘Journal of Plant Pathology’. These first disease reports indicate the presence of common Botryosphaeriaceae species on various hosts and their rapid spread and infection of new hosts (Table 3). There have been numerous first disease reports in the last three years compared to previous years.

Table 2 Commonly found Botryosphaeriaceae species in China and frequently studied host species.
Commonly reported species No: of HostsWidely found hosts
Botryosphaeria dothidea101Actinidia chinensis, Citrus sp., Eucalyptus sp., Juglans regia, Malus domestica, Prunus persica, Pyrus sp., Vaccinium corymbosum, Vitis vinifera, Zizyphus jujuba
Diplodia seriata11Pyrus sp.
Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae32Citrus sp., Eucalyptus sp.
Lasiodiplodia theobromae65Camellia oleifera, Citrus sp., Eucalyptus sp., Vitis vinifera
Macrophomina phaseolina15Glycine max, Helianthus annuus
Neofusicoccum parvum56Actinidia deliciosa, Eucalyptus sp., Prunus persica, Pyrus sp., Vaccinium corymbosum, Vitis vinifera
Table 3 First disease reports of Botryosphaeriaceae species in China
Species Hosts and References
Botryosphaeria dothideaAcer platanoides (Wang et al. 2015); Aesculus chinensis (Wang et al. 2025); Aucuba japonica (Zheng et al. 2019); Betula alnoides (Wang et al. 2020a); Camellia sinensis (Jayawardena et al. 2016); Canarium album (Lai et al. 2024); Carya cathayensis (Zhang and Xu 2011); Carya illinoensis (Wang et al. 2021a); Cathaya argyrophylla (Ou et al. 2025); Celtis sinensis (Wang et al. 2021b); Cornus alba (Cai et al. 2020a); Cotinus coggygria (Fan et al. 2019); Crataegus pinnatifida (Wang et al. 2025); Eucalyptus sp. (Yu et al. 2009); Euonymus fortunei (Wang et al. 2025); Euonymus japonicus (Fan et al. 2021); Fagopyrum tataricum (Tang et al. 2022); Fatsia japonica (Li et al. 2018a); Ficus carica (Wang et al. 2020b); Gleditsia sinensis (Huang et al. 2021); Glycine max (Chen et al. 2021a); Hedera helix (Wang et al. 2020c); Helwingia chinensis (Yu et al. 2012a); Idesia polycarpa (Fang et al. 2024); Kadsura coccinea (Su et al. 2021); Lycium barbarum (Liu et al. 2024); Mangifera indica (Mo et al. 2013); Morus sp. (Huang et al. 2019a); Nicotiana sp. (Bian et al. 2015); Ophiopogon japonicus (Zhang et al. 2025); Osmanthus fragrans (Xie et al. 2010); Paeonia suffruticosa (Zhang et al. 2012); Parrotia subaequalis (Yang et al. 2024); Persea americana (Qiu et al. 2020a); Photinia x fraseri (Pan et al. 2025); Prunus Armeniaca (Huang et al. 2019b); Prunus avium (Zhang et al. 2019a); Prunus serrulata (Yan et al. 2016); Punica granatum (Liu et al. 2009); Pyracantha fortuneana (Chen et al. 2025); Rosa chinensis (Jia et al. 2019); Rosa roxburghii (Hu et al. 2025); Salix babylonica (Ju et al. 2021); Syringa oblata (Zhi et al. 2024); Vaccinium sp. (Yu et al. 2012b); Vatica mangachapoi (Yang et al. 2019); Xanthoceras sorbifolium (Liu et al. 2018); Yulania denudata (Rui et al. 2025); Ziziphus jujuba (Ran et al. 2018)
Diplodia mutilaZiziphus jujuba (Feng et al. 2019)
Diplodia sapineaPinus tabulaeformis (Li et al. 2016)
Diplodia seriataCedars sp. (Jiao et al. 2014); Juglans regia (Zhang et al. 2017); Prunus armeniaca (Liu et al. 2015); Vitis vinifera (Yan et al. 2011)
Lasiodiplodia brasilienseMangifera indica (Zhang et al. 2018)
Lasiodiplodia gilanensisMachilus thunbergia (Li et al. 2018b)
Lasiodiplodia hormozganensisScaevola taccada (Zhang et al. 2021a)
Lasiodiplodia jatrophicolaCaryota mitis (Zhu et al. 2015)
Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromaeHevea brasiliensis (Wu et al. 2019); Macadamia sp. (Chang et al. 2019); Malus domestica (Xue et al. 2019); Morinda officinalis (Dong et al. 2019); Ormosia pinnata (Li et al. 2020a); Plukenetia volubilis (Wang and Song 2021)
Lasiodiplodia theobromaeAnnona squamosa (Wang et al. 2022); Aquilaria sinensis (Fan et al. 2013); Broussonetia papyrifera (Luo et al. 2020); Camellia oleifera (Zhu et al. 2014); Camellia sinensis (Li et al. 2019a); Cassia fistula (Deng et al. 2015); Citrus maxima (Luo et al. 2011); Citrus sinensis (Gui et al. 2020); Cocos nucifera (Zhang and Niu 2019); Ficus carica (Chen et al. 2018a); Fraxinus americana (Chen et al. 2019a); Hibiscus mutabilis (Bu et al. 2018); Kadsura longipedunculata (Fan et al. 2020); Koelreuteria bipinnata (Tan et al. 2012); Mangifera indica (Ma et al. 2021); Morus sp. (Xie et al. 2014); Passiflora edulis (Zhang et al. 2021b); Persea americana (Qiu et al. 2020b); Plukenetia volubilis (Wang and Song 2021); Ricinus communis (Tang et al. 2021); Zea mays (Ma et al. 2016)
Macrophomina phaseolinaAtractylodes lancea (Cai et al. 2020b); Curcuma longa (Sun et al. 2020); Helianthus annuus (Zhang et al. 2016); Plukenetia volubilis (Wang et al. 2020d); Vicia faba (Sun et al. 2019); Vigna radiata (Zhang et al. 2011)
Neodeightonia palmicolaCaryota mitis (Mukhtar et al. 2019)
Neofusicoccum mangiferaeKandelia obovata (Lin et al. 2019); Sassafras tzumu (Wan et al. 2020); Sonneratia apetala (Qiu et al. 2018); Vitis vinifera (Dissanayake et al. 2015a);
Neofusicoccum parvumCamellia drupifera (Yu et al. 2022); Cupressus funebris (Li et al. 2010); Eriobotrya japonica (Zhai and Zhang 2019); Geodorum eulophioides (Du et al. 2021); Hevea brasiliensis (Liu et al. 2017); Juglans regia (Chen et al. 2019b); Koelreuteria paniculata (Fang et al. 2019); Ligustrum lucidum (Huang et al. 2020); Malania oleifera (Pan et al. 2022); Osmanthus fragrans (Zhixing et al. 2022); Phoebe sheareri (Chen et al. 2019c); Phoebe zhennan (Zhu et al. 2019); Platanus acerifolia (Yu et al. 2018); Plum (Li et al. 2019b); Prunus persica (Gao et al. 2019); Prunus persica (Song et al. 2019); Prunus persica (Zhang et al. 2019b); Rhododendron sp. (Yang et al. 2015); Santalum album (Wang et al. 2016); Scaevola taccada (Li et al. 2020b); Viburnum odoratissimum (Ma et al. 2022); Vitis heyneana (Wu et al. 2015); Zanthoxylum bungeanum (Chen et al. 2021b)
Neofusicoccum vitifusiformeVaccinum sp. (Kong et al. 2010)
Neoscytalidium dimidiatumAgave sisalana (Xie et al. 2021); Dioscorea esculenta (Lin et al. 2017); Hylocereus undatus (Lan et al. 2012)
Sphaeropsis visciViscum coloratum (Chen et al. 2018b)

Widely studied hosts of Botryosphaeriaceae fungi

Most host records of Botryosphaeriaceae fungi are for woody crop plants and forestry plantations, including Acacia confusa, Camellia sinensis, Carya cathayensis, Citrus sp., Eucalyptus sp., Juglans regia, Malus domestica, Mangifera indica, Prunus persica, Pyrus sp., Vaccinium corymbosum and Vitis vinifera (Fig. 3, Appendix S1). Common species, including Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia seriata, Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae, L. theobromae, Macrophomina phaseolina and Neofusicoccum parvum are extensively isolated as pathogens of woody crops globally. They are also widely distributed on these crops and forestry plantations in China.

Figure 3
Fig. 3. Widely studied hosts of Botryosphaeriaceae fungi and the number of studies conducted on each host in China.

The number of studies on the distribution, diversity, ecology, and pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae species is regularly increasing (Appendix S1). As a result, various species have been identified from numerous hosts in China. Barriopsis (Ba. archontophoenicis), Botryosphaeria (B. dothidea), Lasiodiplodia (L. pseudotheobromae, L. theobromae) and Neofusicoccum (N. parvum) have been isolated from Camellia sinensis. Botryosphaeria (B. dothidea), Diplodia (D. seriata), Dothiorella (Do. alpina, Do. citrimurcotticola, Do. plurivora), Lasiodiplodia (L. citricola, L. guilinensis, L. huangyanensis, L. iraniensis, L. linhaiensis, L. microconidia, L. ponkanicola, L. pseudotheobromae, L. theobromae), Neodeightonia (N. subglobosa), Neofusicoccum (N. parvum) and Sphaeropsis (S. linhaiensis) have been isolated from Citrus sp., and most importantly, a numerous number of Lasiodiplodia species have been reported on this host. Botryosphaeria (B. dothidea, B. fabicerciana, B. puerensis, B. qingyuanensis, B. ramosa), Lasiodiplodia (L. brasiliensis, L. pseudotheobromae, L. theobromae), and Neofusicoccum (N. dianense, N. kwambonambiense, N. magniconidium, N. microconidium, N. ningerense, N. parviconidium, N. parvum, N. ribis, N. sinoeucalypti, N. yunnanense) have been isolated from Eucalyptus sp.; however, this host seems to have a great affection for the genus Neofusicoccum with ten species reported. Five Botryosphaeriaceae genera — Botryosphaeria (B. dothidea), Diplodia (D. seriata), Dothiorella (Do. sarmentorum), Lasiodiplodia (L. pseudotheobromae) and Neofusicoccum (N. parvum)—have been reported from Juglans regia. Botryosphaeria (B. dothidea), Lasiodiplodia (L. brasiliensis, L. theobromae) and Neofusicoccum (N. mangiferae, N. parvum) have been isolated from Mangifera indica. Botryosphaeria (B. dothidea), Diplodia (D. seriata), Dothiorella (Do. viticola), Lasiodiplodia (L. citricola, L. pseudotheobromae, L. theobromae) and Neofusicoccum (N. mangiferae, N. parvum) are reported from Vitis vinifera (Appendix S1). The number of Botryosphaeriaceae species from a particular host continues to grow, with further studies to be conducted in China.

There are more new studies on Botryosphaeriaceae than ever before, but there are still not enough standardized databases that are consistently curated and kept up to date over time. The ineffectiveness of new occurrences and host-fungus associations in reporting widens the gap between science and society and weakens scientific vitality to enhance preventive and quarantine policy measures. Public sequence data that enable the scientific community to validate and confirm the taxonomic identification should be available after this fungal family is reported in indexed scientific journals (Batista et al. 2021). Hence, this work represents a single effort to refine and organize all taxonomy-related Botryosphaeriaceae occurrences in China, and researchers working with Botryosphaeriaceae-related research in China are encouraged to update their information in a database in the future.

Acknowledgments

This work was funded by grants of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32570014; 32350410401). Jin-Tao Zhu is thanked for his assistance on the literature searching and data analyses.

Author contributions

Conceptualization: Dissanayake AJ and Liu JK; methodology, Dissanayake AJ; formal analysis, Dissanayake AJ; writing—original draft preparation: Dissanayake AJ; writing—review & editing: Dissanayake AJ and Liu JK; supervision: Liu JK; project administration: Liu JK; funding acquisition: Liu JK. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

ORCID

Asha J. Dissanayake: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8061-8884

Jian-Kui Liu: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9232-228X

Conflict of interest statement

The author list includes members of the Editorial Board of PhytoMycology. They were not involved in the journal’s review of, or decisions related to, this manuscript. The authors declare no competing interests.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplemental information available at https://doi.org/10.65390/phytomyc.2026.2001

Supplementary File to this study.

Rights and permissions

The Author(s) 2026. Published by BioAcademic Press on behalf of School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University. This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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